10 Surprising Facts You Didn’t Know About the Aztecs

According to legend, the wandering Mexica people chose where to build their city state of Tenochtitlan by looking for an eagle perched on a cactus. The sign was to be the fulfillment of an age-old prophecy. The image did finally appear to them, but in an unlikely place – on a tiny island in the middle of Lake Texcoco. The coat of arms on the modern Mexican flag, which depicts an eagle on a cactus devouring a rattlesnake, is inspired by this legend.

The city of Tenochtitlan had an estimated population of between 200,000 and 300,000, making it approximately five times the size of London and among the largest cities in the world at the time. Like Venice, Tenochtitlan was a city of canals and was regarded as spectacularly beautiful by the Spanish invaders. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, one of the conquistadores, wrote that the Spanish were left in disbelief when they arrived at the capital. “Some of our soldiers even asked whether the things that we saw were not a dream?” he wrote.

The Mexica were one of the first societies to introduce compulsory education for children. Every child in the Mexica Empire was educated, regardless of whether they were nobles, commoners or slaves. Students were taught from the huehuetlatolli, a huge collection of sayings which contained Mexica legends and teachings on behavior.

The Mexica national sport was called Ullamaliztli and was a team sport that used a heavy rubber ball. The object of the game was to smash the ball through a small stone ring. The ball was not allowed to touch the ground, and players hit the ball with their head, elbows, knees and hips.

A tricky game to play, but there were major incentives to perform well. Evidence suggests the team captain was often beheaded if they lost.

Chocolate originates from Mesoamerica and the Mexica regarded it as a gift from Quetzalcoatl, the god of wisdom. In fact, cacao seeds were so ubiquitous that they were used as a form of currency. Yet chocolate was prepared in a very different way by the Mexica. Cacao seeds were crushed and served as a bitter, frothy drink mixed with spices. After the Spanish took chocolate back to Europe in the 16th century, it was sweetened with sugar and became a popular drink throughout the continent.

Evidence suggests that some Mexica would file down their teeth or fit them with precious stones. Women would also stain their teeth dark red with a dye extracted from a parasitic beetle that lives on cactus plants.

Before the arrival of the Spanish, horses had never been seen in the New World and the sight of cavalry reportedly had a massive psychological impact on the Mexica. In Díaz del Castillo’s account, he says the Mexica originally mistook the mounted Spaniards as centaurs:

“The Indians, who had never seen any horses before, could not think otherwise than that horse and rider were one body.”

The Mexica Empire demanded massive tributes from the subjects it had conquered in Mesoamerica. When the Spanish arrived, many of these native peoples saw an opportunity to cast off the yoke of Mexica rule. As the Spanish made their way inland towards Tenochtitlan, they enlisted the help of native allies who fought alongside them. These troops were a vital part of the campaign against the Mexica Empire.

The invading Europeans brought horses and metal swords to the Americas, both of which helped them achieve military successes against the Mexica. Yet they also suffered terrible defeats at the hands of the indigenous soldiers. In fact, the most powerful weapon used by the Spanish was disease. Historians estimate that more than 20 million Mexicans died from illnesses like mumps, measles and smallpox in the five-year period that followed the invasion. Such diseases decimated the Mexica population and made the fall of the empire possible.